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. 2018 , Valle et al. 2021 a , Russo et al. 2022 ). Therefore, all pathological conditions characterized by systemic inflammation and oxidative stress can impair muscle functionality by triggering enzymatic alterations and mitochondrial
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Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
CIBERehd, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Introduction Type 2 diabetes (T2D), characterized by hyperglycaemia, is associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, thus, oxidative stress ( Apostolova et al. 2020 ). There are different endogenous sources of
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their conclusion to indicate that under chronic stress, including pathological phenotypes that diminish optimal health, oxidative stress/damage plays a major role in aging. Under these conditions, enhanced antioxidant defences were found to exert an
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NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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Unità di Ricerca di Geriatria, Facoltà Dipartimentale di Medicina e Chirurgia. Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma
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NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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activate AMPK and suppress mTOR signaling pathways, as documented in an ischemia-induced cardiomyocyte injury model ( Yang et al. 2013 ) and also in other models, such as oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier injury ( Cao et al. 2020 ). Finally
Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
NutriAct Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
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Food4Future (F4F), c/o Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Grossbeeren, Germany
NutriAct Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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oxidative stress ( Arunkumar et al. 2020 ). In addition to macula protection, carotenoid supplements have been shown to increase UV protection in human skin ( Ito et al. 2018 , Groten et al. 2019 , Baswan et al. 2020 ). Lutein and zeaxanthin are
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phospholipids and carotenoids in the macula ( Johra et al. 2020 ), thus reducing the oxidative stress burden in the eye. Due to the AREDS study design and the fact that vitamin E was part of the initial beneficial nutrient cocktail and therefore considered
