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impinges negatively on a wide array of biological molecules and gene expression in cells. Usually, when oxidative stress occurs, compensatory antioxidant activity is established in order to restore redox balance ( Dalton et al. 1999 ). ROS are engaged in
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the ER, which causes the formation of ROS and alters the redox balance of the ER. Furthermore, by its direct interaction with PDI, the ER-specific isoform of the NADPH oxidase 4 protein (Nox4) is directly connected to ROS production. Therefore