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Background
In both Western and Westernized diets, together with a relatively high amount of cholesterol, variable amountsof its oxidized metabolites, oxysterols, are consistently consumed. These oxysterols, mostly of non-enzymatic origin, are produced during sterol autoxidation in foodstuff manufacturing and storage.
Objective
This study aimed to analyze the potential enterotoxic effects of all main oxysterols of non-enzymatic origin so far identified in a variety of foods.
Experimental plan
Differentiated human intestinal cell monolayers (CaCo-2) were incubated up to 48 h in the presence or absence of 0.5, 1 or 5 µM with one out of seven non-enzymatic oxysterols, prior to the verification of minimal irreversible cell damage within the chosen concentration range.
Results
All tested oxysterols were proven to exert damaging effects on cell monolayers in vitro. The inflammatory interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were mostly upregulated by 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, respectively, then to a lower extent by 5α,6α-epoxycholesterol, 7α-hydroxycholesterol and 5β,6β-epoxycholesterol. 7-Ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol also appeared to be most effective in impairing claudin-1, occludin and E-cadherin proteins, followed by 25-hydroxycholesterol and triol.
Conclusions
The oxysterols consistently derived by food autoxidation were tested; they potentially impaired the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and triggered an inflammatory response within 0.5–5 µM concentrations, easily reachable in a single Western meal.
Significance Statement
This comprehensive analysis focused on the potential impairment of the intestinal barrier by the main dietary non-enzymatic oxysterols, should guide further nutrition research aiming at defining a threshold amount of these cholesterol derivatives in order not to derange the physiological gut–brain axis.
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Background
The side chain 27-hydroxycholesterol has been reported to inhibit the replication of several pathogen viruses, including herpes simplex virus, rhinovirus, rotavirus and SARS-CoV-2, in in vitro and ex vivo models.
Objective
In view of a future potential therapeutic use of 27-hydroxycholesterol, a pilot pharmacokinetic study was set up.
Methods
This active substance was complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and orally administered in a single dose to CD1 male mice; its recovery in plasma and a few tissues up to 24 h post-treatment was evaluated.
Results
The absorption of the oxysterol by the small intestine was moderate, due to its physicochemical properties, but still relevant and rapid, showing a peak at 1 h after supplementation and being almost completed 24 h after treatment. 27-Hydroxycholesterol appeared to be a high hepatic extraction drug, possibly with an extrahepatic component contributing to the total clearance.
Conclusions
Following the oral 25 mg/kg dosing, plasma levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol showed an average steady-state concentration similar to that shown to be able to inhibit the replication of all viruses tested so far in in vitro models.
Significance statement
The first pharmacokinetic data relative to a natural oxysterol administered p.o. are reported. Data should contribute to further elucidate oxysterol pathophysiology and guide non-clinical studies aiming at investigating possible therapeutic use of 27-hydroxycholesterol or its analogs.
